Spondylolisthesis generally occurs following a traumatic event or overload. When it is a consequence of aging, it is referred to as degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Spondylolisthesis can remain asymptomatic for years, and in many cases, throughout life. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Back pain extending to the buttocks
• Numbness in the limbs
• Muscle stiffness
• Pain and weakness along the legs
• Sudden pain in the lower back
  

The diagnosis of spondylolisthesis is confirmed through spinal X-rays, which reveal vertebral slippage (spondylolisthesis) and bony discontinuity of the isthmus (spondylolysis). To get a clearer picture of the condition, further tests may be conducted, such as:

• MRI to assess the condition of intervertebral discs and possible nerve root involvement
• CT scan for potential pre-operative planning
  

The most common treatment involves rehabilitation and physical therapy alongside pharmacological therapies. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, with several techniques available to primarily relieve and/or reduce pressure on the nerves, stabilizing the affected vertebral segment. Surgical treatment options for spondylolisthesis include:

• Traditional open surgery (laminectomy and fixation with screws and rods)
• Minimally invasive surgery without the need to open the vertebral canal (indirect decompression)
• Spinal fusion